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<rss version="2.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Diet & nutrition Latest Topics]]></title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/forum/33-diet-nutrition/</link><description><![CDATA[Diet & nutrition Latest Topics]]></description><language>en</language><item><title>Keto</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20736-keto/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	hey guys and girls,what are some keto foods to help lose weight/tighten skin?
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20736</guid><pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2019 08:49:28 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>home made pre-workout</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20734-home-made-pre-workout/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	hi guys and girls is there anyone out there that has a recipe for a home made pre-workout that works well,i find pre workouts that you buy have alot of crap in them and i always sh*t when taking it,i have tried coconut water and berrys but need something that gives me more energy and boost?
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20734</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Sep 2019 10:29:26 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Anyone use an online meal delivery company?</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20697-anyone-use-an-online-meal-delivery-company/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Probably been asked a million times before...so apologies in advance if it has. 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	As the title suggests, does anyone use an online meal delivery service?
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I used to use muscle meals direct in Australia, found it fantastic. 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Who do you use? 
</p>

<p>
	How much do you pay?
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Advice appreciated. 
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20697</guid><pubDate>Sun, 23 Jun 2019 20:25:16 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Cheat Meals/Days</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20681-cheat-mealsdays/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	Hi, I am dieting at the moment. I have lost weight but I would be losing more if I didn't have two high calorie days per week.  How should I approach cheat meals and how often should I have these. My maintaince is 3900 calories from the calorie calculator. I eat about 1800 calories on low calorie days and about 4000 on high calorie days. I usually opt for a kfc family pack on high calorie days or Chinese.  I drink a lot of Pepsi max a few days a week.
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20681</guid><pubDate>Sat, 04 May 2019 21:28:07 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nootropic & Cognitive Enhancer]]></title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20586-nootropic-cognitive-enhancer/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Morning, Anybody ever use any Nootropic &amp; Cognitive Enhancer's?
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Just curious of people experiences 
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20586</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Sep 2018 23:02:14 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Myprotein impact whey</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20608-myprotein-impact-whey/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hey everyone, 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Has anybody used impact whey before? They are having 50% off frenzy deal right now. Im planning to stock up on their impact whey ($75 for 5kg cant be beat anywhere else)
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20608</guid><pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2018 06:22:29 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Keto diet</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20594-keto-diet/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hi all
</p>

<p>
	Thinking of doing the keto diet
</p>

<p>
	Need to loose alot of weight as I am really over weight
</p>

<p>
	I am 165cms
</p>

<p>
	82 kgs
</p>

<p>
	And 46
</p>

<p>
	So very over weight
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Any one done keto
</p>

<p>
	And what's your views on it please
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Thank you
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20594</guid><pubDate>Sun, 07 Oct 2018 06:31:18 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Supplement websites in Australia</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20581-supplement-websites-in-australia/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Does anyone have a recommendation for a site to buy Protein from in Australia?
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20581</guid><pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 2018 20:03:52 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Weakness and wanting to start protein drinks</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20557-weakness-and-wanting-to-start-protein-drinks/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	<span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">Hello,</span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">I hope you're all well</span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">I am just writing in for a little advice.</span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">I am 24 years old and works as a diversional therapist. </span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">I wouldn't say I am unhealthy though I am and always have been very weak. I struggle with aching almost everywhere especially my legs and put this down to my job and the silly amount of running around I do all day.</span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">We have various support networks on sight and a physio that has visited. When I spoke to her about my problems she described it as doing cardio without balancing it out with weight training and I was just burning what I haven't got which it defiantly feels like I am as I am only small. </span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">I wondered if it would be worth me trying a protein drink to have during the day to try and build me up. She also suggested this could be an idea but I almost feel I need another opinion.</span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">I feel I could do with going to the gym again to try and build myself up but this isn't an option at the moment due to work hours.</span><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><br style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;" /><span style="color:#000000;font-size:17px;">Would you think this would be a good idea or what would you recomened me doing?</span>
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20557</guid><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 2018 10:45:09 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>is iherb still the place to buy stuff from ?</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/17142-is-iherb-still-the-place-to-buy-stuff-from/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>or is there is a cheaper site nowdays?</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">17142</guid><pubDate>Sat, 20 Jul 2013 01:48:09 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Just protein code</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20310-just-protein-code/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hey guys,
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<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Thought i'd drop a note if you are wanting to try something new or a more natural protein source check out the Just Protein stash. free delivery on already cheap stuff.
</p>

<p>
	my code is <strong>tyler15</strong> for 15% off, so makes it even better!
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	<a href="http://www.justprotein.co.nz/" rel="external nofollow">http://www.justprotein.co.nz/</a>
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I've been using for a while now, pretty damn awesome esp the Super Protein. I'm not just saying that either.
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Drop a comment if you have tried or questions for me.
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Cheers,
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	MT
</p>

<p><a href="http://www.gymnation.co.nz/uploads/monthly_2017_07/WEB_LOGO.png.a8d3feec85a3ea8cf9a70ef127941d39.png" class="ipsAttachLink ipsAttachLink_image"><img data-fileid="14982" src="http://www.gymnation.co.nz/uploads/monthly_2017_07/WEB_LOGO.png.a8d3feec85a3ea8cf9a70ef127941d39.png" class="ipsImage ipsImage_thumbnailed" alt="WEB_LOGO.png"></a></p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20310</guid><pubDate>Sun, 09 Jul 2017 21:42:17 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Where to buy supplements at best price? any good online stores</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20488-where-to-buy-supplements-at-best-price-any-good-online-stores/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	Hi I am new to gym,<br />
	Any recommendations for gym supplements, Where to buy? <br />
	Any good nz online stores? 
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20488</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 Mar 2018 22:13:50 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Why in NZ is Whey marketed in pounds</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20482-why-in-nz-is-whey-marketed-in-pounds/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	In a metric country it's everywhere sold in lbs, what am I missing?
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20482</guid><pubDate>Mon, 12 Mar 2018 04:02:06 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>So where are the Black Friday deals on whey??</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20415-so-where-are-the-black-friday-deals-on-whey/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	This field cannot be left blank.
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20415</guid><pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2017 07:49:54 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Intermittent Fasting and Autophagy Explained:</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20395-intermittent-fasting-and-autophagy-explained/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	<strong>Intermittent Fasting and Autophagy</strong><br /><br />
	When you lose body fat, the body literally eats itself, a process called autophagy. By definition and function, autophagy destroys tissue, making it purely catabolic. As damaged and unused material builds up within a cell, it gets sick and can die. So it needs to get cleaned up: autophagy to the rescue.<br />
	Several authors give an excellent review of the basics—which aren’t so basic [1]. Relevant to our discussion there are two types, macroautophagy (Macro) and chaperon mediated autophagy (CMA). (There is a third type, microautophagy, but it’s poorly studied and, therefore, poorly understood [2,3].)<br /><br />
	To be brief, autophagy is a reaction to either starvation or internal cellular damage; fasting triggers both on different time scales. Macro is fast-acting and short-lived whereas CMA takes a little time to kick in. Each type cleans detritus from the innards of the cells, removing the junk for healthier cell function or recycling components for tissue repair when you’re starving—literally.<br /><br /><b>Who Cares?</b><br /><br />
	Autophagy, keeps cells healthy by keeping them cleaned out. Nowhere is this clearer than in skeletal muscle tissue. When autophagy is chronically suppressed (or knocked-out), chunks of non-functional protein accumulate, mitochondria (the cell’s power plant) develop bad mutations, and oxidative stress runs rampant. If autophagy fails, these conditions cause muscle fiber breakdown [4]—your muscles fall apart from the inside out and there’s really not much you can do about it.<br />
	Also, in times of nutritional deficit, like starvation, fasting or even rapid energy depletion such as happens with sustained exhaustive activity like CrossFit, autophagy actually helps to slow and protect against muscle loss [5, 6].<br />
	Take note: autophagy is also part of the destructive process. In most tissues, Macro activates within a few hours of nutrient deprivation and only lasts a few hours. In fast-twitch muscle, however, the process can just keep going [7].<br />
	When this happens, the body is recycling chunks of protein in the muscle for use in repairing larger structures as they suffer damage [5, 6]. Autophagy helps preserve lean tissue by destroying fast-twitch muscle for spare parts. When you withhold food for a few hours or more, your muscles become a salvage yard. Obviously, muscular autophagy can only sustain muscle mass for so long until it runs out of junk material and starts destroying the entire muscle fiber. Autophagy is one of the main pathways of skeletal muscle breakdown [28].<br />
	Skeletal muscle is not the only tissue whose cells get filled with junk and could use a bit of spring cleaning from time to time. The cells of the nervous system, particularly brain neurons, become healthier, more robust and able to form new connections better, a process called neuroplasticity [8-10], when autophagy is routinely stimulated. Autophagy, literally, makes you smarter.<br />
	There’s also mounting evidence that the benefits of calorie restriction on muscle quality later in life and the benefits of exercise depend on properly activated autophagic pathways [31-33].<br />
	Autophagy is pretty damn important for skeletal muscle health, but so is how we regulate it.<br /><br /><b>Triggering the Hunger</b><br /><br />
	We can trigger the first type of autophagy, Macro, with simple fasting. As mentioned before, fasting triggers Macro within a few hours. Key point: macroautophagy is transient in nearly all tissues except fast twitch muscle [7, 11]. The body stops autophagic tissue destruction after only a few hours of initiation except in fast-twitch muscle. Bursts of Macro never last very long and need to be continually re-stimulated by eating, then fasting.<br />
	CMA, the other type of interesting autophagy, isn’t triggered directly by starvation. It’s regulated by ketone build up [1, 12]. If you’re in ketogenesis, autophagy is keeping your cells healthy and happy by cleaning out the gunk. Any type of ketogenic diet – Anabolic Diet, Atkins Prep Phase, Carb Nite, Carb Back-Loading, South Beach Induction Phase, various IF protocols, low-carb Paleo plans – all activate the chaperon mediated autophagy. Spiking free fatty acid levels—which can be done with MCT or coconut oil—also cause a strong increase in ketone production [23-25].<br /><br /><b>Don’t be ravenous</b><br /><br />
	Autophagy is pure catabolism. We don’t want to it run unchecked. It’s not that tough and we can actually throttle autophagy or shut it off. mTOR connects almost every muscular growth and degradation process. In this case, mTOR activation isn’t a direct regulator of autophagy, but it does, in most instances correlate with autophagy activation [13-15]. If mTOR is being stimulated, Macro activity is low; if not, Macro is high. Macro is always off when mTOR is getting a strong growth signal.<br />
	This isn’t the same as mTOR being shut-off which allows for degradation by autophagy [39-42]. It only means that unless a nutrient or system directly activates mTOR then Macro can function. For instance, mTOR can allow growth at night, but Macro can still clean cells. This is why the 12 hour window of fasting is the critical period—at this point, Processes can inhibit the mTOR pathway and allow Macro to destroy our muscles.<br />
	Chaperon mediated autophagy (CMA) is different. Ketone-activated autophagy (CMA) functions independent of mTOR activation [34-38]. In other words, we can keep CMA going without sacrificing muscle. The nice thing here is that with energy influx (i.e. we eat something), we get the health benefits of autophagy and avoid the signals that trigger tissue breakdown. We also gain protection from skeletal muscle breakdown through ketone buildup [26].<br /><br /><b>Shut It Down </b><br /><br />
	Sometimes, we absolutely want to shut autophagy down to the fullest extent possible in fast twitch muscle, like after resistance training. Autophagy is suppressed during resistance training, but the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS, also known as free radicals), if left too long, triggers a strong autophagic response that can tear down muscle [16, 17]. The ROS buildup is hormetic: a little bit triggers growth factors, too much triggers destruction [18].<br />
	We can combat this destruction on several fronts. Amino acids can be highly suppressive to autophagy and in muscle, it requires both leucine and phenylalanine to shut autophagy down completely [2]. It turns out that autophagy is the only catabolic trigger that we can shut off with nutrients after resistance training [19].<br /><br /><b>What About IF?</b><br /><br />
	IF now claims magical autophagic properties, playing on the ignorance of the health and fitness community, and even some of the less informed experts. IF does trigger autophagy [12], but, none of the them from LeanGains to Eat-Stop-Eat do so optimally and anything recommending 24 hour fasts or longer is triggering catabolic processes specifically in fast-twitch muscle fiber. You may not notice this effect immediately, or at all, if you carry only a minimum of muscle, but if you’re pushing the envelope or shooting for maximum hypertrophy, fasting is not doing you any favors.<br />
	Macroautophagy stays on for 24 hours or longer only in fast-twitch muscle if we don’t eat. Autophagy stimulated by prolonged fasting is destructive; it’s passed the point of beneficial. Prolonged fasting triggers autophagy to deteriorate muscle tissue faster than severing the nerve to the muscle [29, 30]. Unacceptable after all the hard work we put into building it.<br />
	The only thing IF does for autophagy is to drive it into destructive ranges for fast-twitch muscle.<br />
	I know that people say these things work, but they’re usually sitting at 22% body fat or higher and dropping to 16% or so for men. That’s not tough and it’s established that body fat levels dictate muscle loss during weight loss-via calorie reduction—the fatter you are, the less muscle you’ll lose [20, 21]. And as was shown previously in this series, IF protocols perform identically to standard calorie reduction when it comes to body composition changes [22].<br /><br /><b>Ideal Autophagy for Muscle Growth</b><br /><br />
	The ideal way to manipulate autophagy would be to allow fasts long enough to trigger macroautophagy without down-regulating the mTOR pathway, which can occur within 12 hours of fasting. At this point, eat something. If we spike free fatty-acid levels, or keeps them sustained, then the body continues producing ketones, which are the sole regulator of chaperon-mediated autophagy. This procedure has several cerebral benefits and not only will it avoid the atrophy of fast twitch muscle, but ketones protect muscle tissue from degradation.<br />
	Then, when it comes time to train, your sympathetic nervous system—the one that controls fight-or-flight response, such as adrenaline —is primed for action with bigger adrenaline pulses, faster response and stronger action. The heightened burst of adrenaline also fights proteolysis [27], or muscle tissue breakdown.<br />
	This can only occur if insulin levels have been kept low all day and you’ve been eating something—otherwise, the long-lived fast can trigger adrenaline release before the workout and destroy the advantage.<br />
	At this point in the day, we’ve optimized performance, preserved muscle mass and allowed beneficial autophagy to run its course. Train. After the session, spark growth as rapidly and potently as possible by spiking insulin levels, providing raw materials for growth and shutting down the one catabolic component we have control over: destructive autophagy.<br />
	Once the frenzy is over, it’s time for bed where we’ve made sure our food choice cleared as quickly as possible to allow macroautophagy to work through the night.<br /><br /><b>IF and Nutrition</b><br /><br />
	With no real challengers, IF has emerged as a champion, and in its own right, IF is a champion of diet—against average diets. It is a little better, if only because it triggers a therapeutic clean-up process at the cellular level and for most people it’s easy.<br />
	The research consistently shows that the only thing IF brings to the table for athletes is detriment. IF shuts off the very anabolic processes on which we rely for improving performance. IF manages to drive beneficial metabolic processes into destructive cellular chaos. In the research, IF consistently demonstrates that is no better than an average for fat loss or muscle gain and it decreases athletic performance..<br /><br />
	1. Finn PF, Dice JF. Proteolytic and lipolytic responses to starvation. Nutrition. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-<img alt="rolleyes.gif" border="0" src="http://www.bluelight.org/i/s/rolleyes.gif" title="Roll Eyes (Sarcastic)" />:830-44. Review.<br /><br />
	2. Dice JF. Lysosomal pathways of protein degradation. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience; 2000.<br /><br />
	3. Roberts P, Moshitch-Moshkovitz S, Kvam E, O’Toole E, Winey M, Goldfarb DS. Piecemeal microautophagy of nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell. 2003;14:129–41.<br /><br />
	4. Raben N, Hill V, Shea L, Takikita S, Baum R, Mizushima N, Ralston E, Plotz P. Suppression of autophagy in skeletal muscle uncovers the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and their potential role in muscle damage in Pompe disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:3897–3908.<br /><br />
	5. Moscat J, Diaz-Meco MT. Feedback on fat: p62-mTORC1-autophagy connections. Cell. 2011 Nov 11;147(4):724-7. Review.<br /><br />
	6. Masiero E, Agatea L, Mammucari C, Blaauw B, Loro E, Komatsu M, Metzger D, Reggiani C, Schiaffino S, Sandri M. Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass. Cell Metab. 2009 Dec;10(6):507-15.<br /><br />
	7. Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Matsui M, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y. In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell 2004;15:1101–11.<br /><br />
	8. Alirezaei M, Kemball CC, Flynn CT, Wood MR, Whitton JL, Kiosses WB. Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy. Autophagy. 2010 Aug;6(6):702-10.<br /><br />
	9. Boland B, Kumar A, Lee S, Platt FM, Wegiel J, Yu WH, Nixon RA. Autophagy induction and autophagosome clearance in neurons: relationship to autophagic pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2008 Jul 2;2<img alt="uhoh.gif" border="0" src="http://www.bluelight.org/i/s/uhoh.gif" title="uh oh" />27):6926-37.<br /><br />
	10. Young JE, Martinez RA, La Spada AR. Nutrient deprivation induces neuronal autophagy and implicates reduced insulin signaling in neuroprotective autophagy activation. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 23;284(4):2363-73.<br /><br />
	11. Fry MJ, Waterfield MD. Structure and function of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: a potential second messenger system involved in growth control. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1993;340:337– 44.<br /><br />
	12. Cahová M, Da?ková H, Pálení?ková E, Papá?ková Z, Kazdová L. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway is involved in TAG degradation in the liver: the effect of high-sucrose and high-fat diet. Folia Biol (Praha). 2010;56(4):173-82.<br /><br />
	13. Jung CH, Ro SH, Cao J, Otto NM, Kim DH. mTOR regulation of autophagy. FEBS Lett. 2010 Apr 2;584(7):1287-95. Review.<br /><br />
	14. Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B, Guan KL. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;13(2):132-41.<br /><br />
	15. Jung CH, Jun CB, Ro SH, Kim YM, Otto NM, Cao J, Kundu M, Kim DH. ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery. Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Apr;20(7):1992-2003.<br /><br />
	16. Barbieri E, Sestili P. Reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle signaling. J Signal Transduct. 2012;2012:982794.<br /><br />
	17. Cubrilo D, Djordjevic D, Zivkovic V, Djuric D, Blagojevic D, Spasic M, Jakovljevic V. Oxidative stress and nitrite dynamics under maximal load in elite athletes: relation to sport type. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Sep;355(1-2):273-9.<br /><br />
	18. Ristow M, Zarse K. How increased oxidative stress promotes longevity and metabolic health: The concept of mitochondrial hormesis (mitohormesis). Exp Gerontol. 2010 Jun;45(6):410-8. Review.<br /><br />
	19. Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Muscle protein breakdown has a minor role in the protein anabolic response to essential amino acid and carbohydrate intake following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Aug;299(2):R533-40.<br /><br />
	20. Argilés JM, López-Soriano J, Almendro V, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ. Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: a link with obesity? Med Res Rev. 2005 Jan;25(1):49-65. Review.<br /><br />
	21. Dulloo AG, Jacquet J. The control of partitioning between protein and fat during human starvation: its internal determinants and biological significance. Br J Nutr. 1999 Nov;82(5):339-56.<br /><br />
	22. Soeters MR, Lammers NM, Dubbelhuis PF, Ackermans M, Jonkers-Schuitema CF, Fliers E, Sauerwein HP, Aerts JM, Serlie MJ. Intermittent fasting does not affect whole-body glucose, lipid, or protein metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1244-51.<br /><br />
	23. Beylot M. Regulation of in vivo ketogenesis: role of free fatty acids and control by epinephrine, thyroid hormones, insulin and glucagon. Diabetes Metab. 1996 Oct;22(5):299-304. Review.<br /><br />
	24. Keller U, Lustenberger M, Müller-Brand J, Gerber PP, Stauffacher W. Human ketone body production and utilization studied using tracer techniques: regulation by free fatty acids, insulin, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989 May;5(3):285-98. Review.<br /><br />
	25. Fukao T, Lopaschuk GD, Mitchell GA. Pathways and control of ketone body metabolism: on the fringe of lipid biochemistry. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Mar;70(3):243-51. Review.<br /><br />
	26. Thompson JR, Wu G. The effect of ketone bodies on nitrogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1991;100: 209–16.<br /><br />
	27. Kadowaki M, Kamata T, Noguchi T. Acute effect of epinephrine on muscle proteolysis in perfused rat hindquarters. Am J Physiol. 1996;270:E961–7.<br /><br />
	28. Sandri M. Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:1411-6.<br /><br />
	29. O’Leary MF, Hood DA. Effect of prior chronic contractile activity on mitochondrial function and apoptotic protein expression in denervated muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2008 Jul;105(1):114-20.<br /><br />
	30. O’Leary MF, Hood DA. Denervation-induced oxidative stress and autophagy signaling in muscle. Autophagy. 2009 Feb;5(2):230-1.<br /><br />
	31. Kim YA, Kim YS, Song W. Autophagic response to a single bout of moderate exercise in murine skeletal muscle. J Physiol Biochem. 2011 Dec 29. Epub ahead of print.<br /><br />
	32. Ogura Y, Iemitsu M, Naito H, Kakigi R, Kakehashi C, Maeda S, Akema T. Single bout of running exercise changes LC3-II expression in rat cardiac muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Nov 4;414(4):756-60.<br /><br />
	33. Wohlgemuth SE, Seo AY, Marzetti E, Lees HA, Leeuwenburgh C. Skeletal muscle autophagy and apoptosis during aging: effects of calorie restriction and life-long exercise. Exp Gerontol. 2010 Feb;45(2):138-48.<br /><br />
	34. Zhao J, Brault JJ, Schild A, Goldberg AL. Coordinate activation of autophagy and the proteasome pathway by FoxO transcription factor. Autophagy. 2008 Apr;4(3):378-80.<br /><br />
	35. Mammucari C, Milan G, Romanello V, Masiero E, Rudolf R, Del Piccolo P, Burden SJ, Di Lisi R, Sandri C, Zhao J, Goldberg AL, Schiaffino S, Sandri M. FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Cell Metab. 2007 Dec;6(6):458-71.<br /><br />
	36. Zhao J, Brault JJ, Schild A, Cao P, Sandri M, Schiaffino S, Lecker SH, Goldberg AL. FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab. 2007 Dec;6(6):472-83.<br /><br />
	37. Mammucari C, Schiaffino S, Sandri M. Downstream of Akt: FoxO3 and mTOR in the regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle. Autophagy. 2008 May;4(4):524-6.<br /><br />
	38. Tanida I, Wakabayashi M, Kanematsu T, Minematsu-Ikeguchi N, Sou YS, Hirata M, Ueno T, Kominami E. Lysosomal turnover of GABARAP-phospholipid conjugate is activated during differentiation of C2C12 cells to myotubes without inactivation of the mTor kinase-signaling pathway. Autophagy. 2006 Oct-Dec;2(4):264-71.<br /><br />
	39. Dennis PB, Jaeschke A, Saitoh M, Fowler B, Kozma SC, Thomas G. Mammalian TOR: a homeostatic ATP sensor. Science 2001;294:1102–5.<br /><br />
	40. Meijer AJ. Amino acids as regulators and components of nonproteinogenic pathways. J Nutr 2003;133:2057S– 62S.<br /><br />
	41. Blommaart EF, Luiken JJ, Blommaart PJ, van Woerkom GM, Meijer AJ. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 is inhibitory for autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1995;270:2320–6.<br /><br />
	42. van Sluijters DA, Dubbelhuis PF, Blommaart EF, Meijer AJ. Amino-acid– dependent signal transduction. Biochem J 2000;351:545–50.<br /><br /><a href="http://body.io/intermittent-fasting-part-3-go-eat-yourself/?utm_source=Twitter&amp;utm_medium=urlshortener&amp;_ke=ZGFycmVuNTc2MUBnbWFpbC5jb20%3D" rel="external nofollow"><u><font color="#0066cc">http://body.io/intermittent-fasting-...bWFpbC5jb20%3D</font></u></a>
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20395</guid><pubDate>Sat, 28 Oct 2017 02:11:15 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>best on the go dairy protein</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20368-best-on-the-go-dairy-protein/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Due to some allergies (eggs) and some protein sources bing too harsh on my stomach (beef, but also chicken) I've decided to switch to some form of milk protein. So far i have the following to choose from:
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	1- <a href="https://www.mightyape.co.nz/product/horleys-protein-hit-low-carb-chocolate-fudge-12-x-420ml/22816379" rel="external nofollow">https://www.mightyape.co.nz/product/horleys-protein-hit-low-carb-chocolate-fudge-12-x-420ml/22816379</a>
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	2- <a href="https://www.anchor.co.nz/product/protein-plus/" rel="external nofollow">https://www.anchor.co.nz/product/protein-plus/</a>
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	any further suggestions would be welcome. from the looks of those two products, the first one seems to have a lot less sugar than the anchor one
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20368</guid><pubDate>Tue, 19 Sep 2017 16:08:35 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Peanut Butter.</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/19944-peanut-butter/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	What brand of Peanut butter do you eat?
</p>

<p>
	I usually go for the cheapest shit but since im rich this week im looking for some recommendations.
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Peace holmes.
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">19944</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2016 04:35:37 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Coke Zero - Bad?</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20113-coke-zero-bad/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Ok, So I've a slight sweet tooth and tend to drink a fair bit of Coke Zero (maybe a litre a day)
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Its low in calories, and apart from the aspartame is there anything wrong in doing this? I.e spiking insulin all over the place?
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20113</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2016 22:28:10 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Some thoughts on Cholesterol and Trans fats</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20361-some-thoughts-on-cholesterol-and-trans-fats/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	<strong>Some interesting notes regarding Trans fats and Cholesterol:</strong><br /><br />
	1. Vegetable oils are more toxic when heated. One study reported that polyunsaturates turn to varnish in the intestines. A study by a plastic surgeon found that women who consumed mostly vegetable oils had far more wrinkles than those who used traditional animal fats. A 1994 study appearing in the Lancet showed that almost three quarters of the fat in artery clogs is unsaturated. The "artery clogging" fats are not animal fats but vegetable oils.<br /><br />
	2. Trans fats, produced in vegetable oils when they are partially hydrogenated, The research group at the University of Maryland found that trans fatty acids not only alter enzymes that neutralize carcinogens, and increase enzymes that potentiate carcinogens..<br /><br />
	3. Trans fats contribute to osteoporosis. Hanis, a Czechoslovakian researcher, found that trans consumption decreased testosterone, caused the production of abnormal sperm and altered gestation.<br />
	Trans consumption interferes with the body?s use of omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils, grains and green vegetables, leading to impaired prostaglandin production. Some deep fried foods have been tested at almost 50% trans.<br /><br /><br />
	4. The scientific literature delineates a number of vital roles for dietary saturated fats, they enhance the immune system, are necessary for healthy bones, provide energy and structural integrity to the cells, protect the liver and enhance the body?s use of essential fatty acids. <br /><br />
	5. Stearic acid, found in beef tallow and butter, has cholesterol lowering properties and is a preferred food for the heart. As saturated fats are stable, they do not become rancid easily, do not call upon the body?s reserves of antioxidants, do not initiate cancer, do not irritate the artery walls.<br /><br />
	6. Your body makes saturated fats, and your body makes cholesterol about 2000 mg per day. In general, cholesterol that the average American absorbs from food amounts to about 100 mg per day. So, in theory, even reducing animal foods to zero will result in only a 5% decrease in the total amount of cholesterol available to the blood and tissues.<br /><br />
	7. In practice, such a diet is likely to deprive the body of the substrates it needs to manufacture enough of this vital substance; for cholesterol, like saturated fats, stands unfairly accused.<br />
	 <br />
	8. It acts as a precursor to vital corticosteroids, hormones that help us deal with stress and protect the body against heart disease and cancer; and to the sex hormones like androgen, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone; it is a precursor to vitamin D, a very important fat-soluble vitamin needed for healthy bones and nervous system, proper growth, mineral metabolism, muscle tone, insulin production, reproduction and immune system function; <br /><br />
	9. It is the precursor to bile salts, which are vital for digestion and assimilation of fats in the diet. Recent research shows that cholesterol acts as an antioxidant. This is the likely explanation for the fact that cholesterol levels go up with age.<br />
	 <br />
	10. As an antioxidant, cholesterol protects us against free radical damage that leads to heart disease and cancer. Cholesterol is the body?s repair substance, manufactured in large amounts when the arteries are irritated or weak.<br /><br />
	11. Cholesterol is needed for proper function of serotonin receptors in the brain. Serotonin is the body's natural "feel-good" chemical. This explains why low cholesterol levels have been linked to aggressive and violent behaviour, depression and suicidal tendencies..<br /><br />
	12. Mother's milk is especially rich in cholesterol and contains a special enzyme that helps the baby utilize this nutrient. Babies and children need cholesterol-rich foods throughout their growing years to ensure proper development of the brain and nervous system. Dietary cholesterol plays an important role in maintaining the health of the intestinal wall, which is why low-cholesterol vegetarian diets can lead to leaky gut syndrome and other intestinal disorders.<br /><br />
	13. Animal foods containing saturated fat and cholesterol provide vital nutrients necessary for growth, energy and protection from degenerative disease. Like sex, animal fats are necessary for reproduction. Humans are drawn to both by powerful instincts. Suppression of natural appetites leads to weird nocturnal habits, fantasies, fetishes, bingeing and splurging.<br /><br /><br /><strong>B B Teter, et al, "Milk Fat Depression in C57B1/6J Mice Consuming Partially Hydrogenated Fat," Journal of Nutrition, 1990, 120:818-824; Barnard, et al, "Dietary Trans Fatty Acids Modulate Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid<br /><br />
	Composition and Insulin Binding in Monkeys," Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 1990, 1:190-195<br /><br />
	T Hanis, et al, "Effects of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids on Reproductive Perforamnce of Wistar Rats," British Journal of Nutrition, 1989, 61:519-529<br />
	 <br />
	B Koletzko and J Muller, "Cis- and Trans-Isomeric Fatty Acids in Polasma Lipids of Newborn Infants and Their Mothers," Biology of the Neonate, 1990, 57:172-178<br /><br />
	D Horrobin, "The Regulation of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis by Manipultion of Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism," Reviews in Pure and Applied Pharmacological Sciences, 1983, 4:339-383<br /><br />
	G V Mann, "Metabolic Consequences of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids," The Lancet, 1994, 343:1268-1271<br /><br />
	L Kohlmeier, et al, "Stores of Trans Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer Risk, "Am J Clin Nutr, 1995, 61:896;A25<br /><br />
	R P Mensink and M Katan, "Effect of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids on High-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Subjects," N Eng J Med, 1990, 323:439-445<br /><br />
	M G Enig, et al, "Isomeric Trans Fatty Acids in the U.S. Diet," J Am Coll Nutr, 1990, 9:471-486<br /><br />
	W C Willett, et al, "Consumption of Trans-Fatty Acids in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women," Society for Epidemiology Research, June 1992, Annual Meeting, Abstract 249<br /><br />
	W C Willett, et al, "Intake of Trans Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women," Lancet, 1993, 341:581-585<br /><br />
	J J Kabara, The Pharmacological Effects of Lipids, J J Kabara, ed, The American Oil Chemists? Society, Champaign, IL, 1978, 1-14; L A Cohen, et al, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1986, 77:43<br /><br />
	B A Watkins, et al, "Importance of Vitamin E in Bone Formation and in Chrondrocyte Function" Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, AOCS Proceedings, 1996; <br /><br />
	B A Watkins, and M F Seifert, "Food Lipids and Bone Health," Food Lipids and Health, R E McDonald and D B Min, eds, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY, p 101<br /><br />
	J F Mead, et al, Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Plenum Press, 1986, New York<br /><br />
	A A Nanji, et al, Gastroenterology, Aug 1995, 109(2):547-54; Y S Cha, and D S Sachan, J Am Coll Nutr, Aug 1994, 13(4):338-43<br /><br />
	M L Garg, et al, The FASEB Journal, 1988, 2:(4):A852; R M Oliart Ros, et al, Meeting Abstracts, AOCS Proceedings, May 1998, p 7, Chicago, IL<br /><br />
	L D Lawson and F Kummerow, "B-Oxidation of the Coenzyme A Esters of Vaccenic, Elaidic and Petroselaidic Acids by Rat Heart Mitochondria," Lipids, 1979, 14:501-503<br /><br />
	E M Cranton and J P Frackelton, "Free Radical Pathology in Age-Associated Diseases: Treatment with EDTA Chelation, Nutrition and Antioxidants," Journal of Holistic Medicine, Spring/Summer 1984, pp 6-37<br /><br />
	H Engelberg, "Low Serum Cholesterol and Suicide," Lancet, March 21, 1992, 339:727-728<br /><br />
	R B Alfin-Slater, and L Aftergood, "Lipids," Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 6th ed, 1980, R S Goodhart and M E Shils, eds, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p 134<br /><br />
	M Gurr, "A FFresh Look at Dietary Recommendations," Inform, April 1996, 7:4:432-435</strong><br />
	 
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20361</guid><pubDate>Sun, 10 Sep 2017 23:54:38 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>5kg fat gain in 2 weeks - How to bounce back? HELP</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20349-5kg-fat-gain-in-2-weeks-how-to-bounce-back-help/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hi team, 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I have jumped from 69kg to 74kg in the space of 2 weeks.
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I was dieting down and was on about 1800cals a day, and then for the past 2 weeks I decided to take a break and completely blew out. I would not be surprised if I was having like 5k+ calories daily (the cravings were real, and i'm  surprised I can stomach that much food lol..)
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I'm looking to hop back on the diet etc, what is the best move? What would you do?
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Thanks
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20349</guid><pubDate>Thu, 24 Aug 2017 10:34:38 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Just Protein PEA PROTEIN</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20323-just-protein-pea-protein/</link><description><![CDATA[<p>
	Mod edit.
</p>]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20323</guid><pubDate>Thu, 27 Jul 2017 11:36:21 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>World Renowned Heart Surgeon Speaks Out On What Really Causes Heart Disease</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20318-world-renowned-heart-surgeon-speaks-out-on-what-really-causes-heart-disease/</link><description><![CDATA[
<div style="color:#000000;">
	<div>
		<div style="color:#000000;">
			<div>
				<div>
					<blockquote>
						<b>World Renowned Heart Surgeon Speaks Out On What Really Causes Heart Disease</b><br /><br /><br /><br />
						The discovery a few years ago that inflammation in the artery wall is the real cause of heart disease is slowly leading to a paradigm shift in how heart disease and other chronic ailments will be treated.<br /><br />
						Simply stated, without inflammation being present in the body, there is no way that cholesterol would accumulate in the wall of the blood vessel and cause heart disease and strokes. Without inflammation, cholesterol would move freely throughout the body as nature intended. It is inflammation that causes cholesterol to become trapped.<br /><br />
						Inflammation is not complicated — it is quite simply your body’s natural defence to a foreign invader such as a bacteria, toxin or virus. The cycle of inflammation is perfect in how it protects your body from these bacterial and viral invaders. However, if we chronically expose the body to injury by toxins or foods the human body was never designed to process,a condition occurs called chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is just as harmful as acute inflammation is beneficial.<br /><br />
						What are the biggest culprits of chronic inflammation? Quite simply, they are the overload of simple, highly processed carbohydrates (sugar, flour and all the products made from them) and the excess consumption of omega-6 vegetable oils like soybean, corn and sunflower that are found in many processed foods.<br /><br />
						Take a moment to visualize rubbing a stiff brush repeatedly over soft skin until it becomes quite red and nearly bleeding. you kept this up several times a day, every day for five years. If you could tolerate this painful brushing, you would have a bleeding, swollen infected area that became worse with each repeated injury. This is a good way to visualize the inflammatory process that could be going on in your body right now.<br /><br />
						Regardless of where the inflammatory process occurs, externally or internally, it is the same. I have peered inside thousands upon thousands of arteries. A diseased artery looks as if someone took a brush and scrubbed repeatedly against its wall. Several times a day, every day, the foods we eat create small injuries compounding into more injuries, causing the body to respond continuously and appropriately with inflammation.<br /><br />
						There is no escaping the fact that the more we consume prepared and processed foods, the more we trip the inflammation switch little by little each day. The human body cannot process, nor was it designed to consume, foods packed with sugars and soaked in omega-6 oils.<br /><br />
						There is but one answer to quieting inflammation, and that is returning to foods closer to their natural state. To build muscle, eat more protein. Choose carbohydrates that are very complex such as colorful fruits and vegetables. Cut down on or eliminate inflammation- causing omega-6 fats like corn and soybean oil and the processed foods that are made from them.<br /><br /><a href="https://dailyoccupation.com/2017/06/12/world-renowned-heart-surgeon-speaks-really-causes-heart-disease/" rel="external nofollow" style="color:#496690;">https://dailyoccupation.com/2017/06/...heart-disease/</a><br /><br />
						Dr. Dwight Lundell is the past Chief of Staff and Chief of Surgery at Banner Heart Hospital , Mesa , AZ. His private practice, Cardiac Care Center was in Mesa, AZ. Recently Dr. Lundell left surgery to focus on the nutritional treatment of heart disease. He is the founder of Healthy Humans Foundation that promotes human health with a focus on helping large corporations promote wellness. He is also the author of The Cure for Heart Disease and The Great Cholesterol Lie.
					</blockquote>
				</div>
			</div>
		</div>

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]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20318</guid><pubDate>Sat, 15 Jul 2017 21:09:30 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Kiwi Nutrition - good value whey protein ($25 per kg)</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20303-kiwi-nutrition-good-value-whey-protein-25-per-kg/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hey everyone, just thought I would share this you as I think it is a really good price for pure NZ whey. Kiwi Nutrition is a new online nutrition company that doesn't have stores, so has low overheads and amazing prices - I haven't found better than $25 per kg. They even donate 10% of their profit to NZ Cancer Society, which I think is pretty cool and worth supporting. 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I have been using their whey for a few weeks now and absolutely love it. It mixes really well without lumps in a shaker or blender. Because it is 100% whey, it doesn't have any sickly sweet flavours so it I can add fruit or chocolate powder to it, depending on the flavour I want at the time. 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Nutrition wise, it is 80% protein so pretty standard, giving 24g of protein per 30g serve.
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Their website is <a href="http://www.kiwinutrition.co.nz" rel="external nofollow">www.kiwinutrition.co.nz</a>, and they have a facebook page too at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/kiwinutrition.co.nz/" rel="external nofollow">https://www.facebook.com/kiwinutrition.co.nz/</a>
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Hope that helps a few of you out!
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Cheers
</p>

<p>
	Martin
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20303</guid><pubDate>Thu, 29 Jun 2017 06:10:17 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Bulk Meat online site?</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20263-bulk-meat-online-site/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hey all
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	In noving over from the UK were we have a site called muscle food and im just wondering if New Zealand has anything similar where you can order meat online?
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20263</guid><pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2017 05:26:52 +0000</pubDate></item><item><title>Meal delivery suggestions</title><link>http://www.gymnation.co.nz/forums/topic/20129-meal-delivery-suggestions/</link><description><![CDATA[
<p>
	Hi Guys! 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	I am looking for a healthy delivery meals package per week, any recommendation?
</p>

<p>
	I've tried muscle chow the food is horrible! 
</p>

<p>
	 
</p>

<p>
	Thanks in advanced
</p>

<p>
	have a great week
</p>
]]></description><guid isPermaLink="false">20129</guid><pubDate>Sun, 20 Nov 2016 19:44:42 +0000</pubDate></item></channel></rss>
